Introduction Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) are two essential techniques in molecular biology that have revolutionized many fields, from medicine to genetics. Though they…

Molecular assay design is a cornerstone of modern biological and clinical research, enabling scientists to detect, quantify, and analyze specific biomolecules such as DNA, RNA, proteins, and metabolites. These assays…

Enzyme engineering is a rapidly evolving field at the intersection of biology, chemistry, and engineering. It harnesses the power of enzymes—biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions—to drive innovation across…

Microbial systems have revolutionized the field of biotechnology, offering efficient, scalable, and cost-effective platforms for the production of a wide range of proteins. These systems, primarily using bacteria, yeast, and…

DNA polymerases are essential enzymes in cellular biology, responsible for the replication and repair of DNA. These enzymes synthesize new strands of DNA by adding nucleotides to a pre-existing strand,…

Apyrases are a group of enzymes that play a critical role in the regulation of nucleotide levels within and outside cells. These enzymes hydrolyze nucleoside triphosphates (such as ATP) and…